![]() Are there traces of population structure (subpopulations) preceding the speciation or partial admixture succeeding it?.What was the effective population size of the common ancestor before the split?.Five major questions have been addressed: The separation of humans from their closest relatives, the non-human African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas), has been studied extensively for more than a century. Speciation of humans and the African apes The mitochondrial most recent common ancestor of modern humans is estimated to have lived roughly 160,000 years ago, the latest common ancestors of humans and chimpanzees roughly 5 to 6 million years ago. Temporal remoteness of the most recent common ancestor.The genetic difference between humans and chimpanzees is less than 2%, or three times larger than the variation among modern humans (estimated at 0.6%). Distance on a phylogenetic tree can be used approximately to indicate: Individuals from closer geographic regions generally tend to be more similar than individuals from regions farther away. These single- locus sources of DNA do not recombine and are almost always inherited from a single parent, with only one known exception in mtDNA. ![]() Often, mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human demographics. Phylogenetics Ī phylogenetic tree is usually derived from DNA or protein sequences from populations. This is further supported by Alu-like short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) which have been found only in members of the Euarchontoglires. Data from both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) indicate that primates belong to the group of Euarchontoglires, together with Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Dermoptera, and Scandentia. The great apes with the family Hylobatidae of gibbons form the superfamily Hominoidea of apes.Īpes, in turn, belong to the primate order (>400 species), along with the Old World monkeys, the New World monkeys, and others. The living Hominidae include two distinct species of chimpanzee (the bonobo, Pan paniscus, and the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes), two species of gorilla (the western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla, and the eastern gorilla, Gorilla graueri), and two species of orangutan (the Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, and the Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii). Biologists classify humans, along with only a few other species, as great apes (species in the family Hominidae).
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